Full JHS 1 Religious And Moral Education Lesson

 THE NATURE OF GOD THROUGH HIS ATTRIBUTES

Every religion teaches that there is only one true God who created and rules the universe. Though people belong to different religions, they all believe that God has special qualities called attributes. These attributes help us to understand who God is and how He relates to human beings.

ATTRIBUTES OF GOD

The attributes of God are the special qualities that describe His nature and power. They help us to know that God is different from human beings.

 

Some Attributes of God (Common to All Religions):

 

Omnipotent:  God is all-powerful; He can do everything.

Omnipresent: God is everywhere at all times.

Omniscient: God knows everything; nothing is hidden from Him.

Holy: God is pure and without sin.

Just: God is fair in all His actions.

Loving: God shows care and kindness to all people.

Patient:   God gives people time to change from their bad ways.

Merciful: God forgives those who repent.

 

 

3. ATTRIBUTES OF GOD IN THE THREE MAJOR RELIGIONS

(a) Christianity

• God is Omnipotent – He created the heavens and the earth (Genesis 1:1).
• God is loving – He sent His Son, Jesus Christ, to save mankind (John 3:16).
• God is Just – He rewards the good and punishes the evil.
• God is Merciful – He forgives sinners who repent.

(b) Islam

• God (Allah) is Almighty – Al-Qadir (The All-Powerful).
• God is All-Knowing – Al-‘Alim (The All-Knowing One).
• God is Ever-Present – Al-Hadir (The Present One).
• God is Most Merciful – Ar-Rahman, Ar-Rahim (The Compassionate and the Merciful).

(c) African Traditional Religion (ATR)

• God is known by different names in different ethnic groups in Ghana:
• Akan: Amowia – Giver of sunlight.
• Ewe: Mawu Kitikata – Source of life.
• Dagbani: Binnamdanaa – Creator of all creatures.
• Ga: Ataa Naa Nyonmo – The Father and Mother of all.
• Guan: Yendu – The Supreme One.
• Nzema: Ebonyele – The Eternal One.
• God is believed to be Powerful, Loving, and the Creator of all things.

 

 

 

 

 

4. ATTRIBUTES OF GOD IN LOCAL LANGUAGES

Language	Local Name or Expression	English Meaning
Akan	Amowia	Giver of sunlight
Ewe	Mawu Kitikata	Source of life
Dagbani	Binnamdanaa	Creator of all creatures
Ga	Ataa Naa Nyonmo	The Supreme Father and Mother
Nzema	Ebonyele	The Eternal One
Gonja	Ebore	The Creator

 

 

 IMPORTANCE OF KNOWING THE ATTRIBUTES OF GOD

1.    Helps us to understand the nature and character of God.

2.    Encourages us to trust and obey Him.

3.    Teaches us to show love, patience, and kindness like God.

4.    Reminds us that God sees everything we do.

 

ATTRIBUTES OF GOD FOUND IN HUMAN BEINGS

 

Love:  Caring for others, sharing what we have, helping those in need.

Patience:  Tolerating others, controlling anger, waiting calmly for our turn.

Mercy:   Forgiving those who offend us, showing compassion to others.

Truthfulness:   Being honest in speech and action, avoiding lies.

Kindness:    Doing good to everyone without expecting reward.

Justice / Fairness:   Treating people equally without discrimination.

Faithfulness:         Keeping promises and being trustworthy.

Hard Work :    Doing our duties diligently as God works continuously.

 

HOW TO DEMONSTRATE GOD’S ATTRIBUTES IN DAILY LIFE

(a) In the Family

• Show love by helping parents and siblings.
• Show patience when your younger ones annoy you.
• Be truthful to your parents and avoid stealing or lying.

(b) In School

• Obey teachers and school rules.
• Help classmates who are weak in learning.
• Forgive those who insult or offend you.

(c) In the Community

• Respect elders and obey community laws.
• Join others to clean the environment.
• Speak kindly to others and avoid quarrels.
• Assist people in need or distress.

(d) In Religious Life

• Worship God regularly.
• Pray and thank God for His goodness.
• Show respect to leaders of your religion.
• Live a life that pleases God.

 

 

Attributes and How we Can Show them

Love:           I share my food with a classmate who has none.

Patience:     I wait for my turn in the dining queue.

Mercy:        I forgive a friend who insulted me.

Kindness:    I help an elderly person cross the road.

 

IMPORTANCE OF SHOWING GOD’S ATTRIBUTES

1.    It helps us to live peacefully with others.

2.    It brings unity and understanding among people.

3.    It shows that we are true children of God.

4.    It helps build a good name and moral character.

5.    It encourages others to do good.

 

SIMILARITIES IN THE NATURE OF GOD IN THE THREE MAIN RELIGIONS

Despite differences in practices and languages, Christians, Muslims, and Traditional believers all agree that God has similar divine qualities.

Below are examples showing these similarities:

A. God is Everlasting

This means God has no beginning and no end.
He lives forever and never dies.

Religion	Attribute	Meaning
African Traditional Religion (ATR)	Tetekwaframoa (Akan) – The Ancient of Days	God existed before everything.
Christianity	Alpha and Omega – The Beginning and the End	God is eternal and everlasting.
Islam	Al-Awwalu wal A’khirun – The First and the Last	Allah existed before creation and will remain forever.

 

 Similarity: All three religions believe that God is eternal and unchanging.

B. God is Omnipotent (All-Powerful)

This means God has unlimited power to do all things.

Religion	Attribute	Meaning
African Traditional Religion (ATR)	Mawu (Ewe) or Otumfuo (Akan) – The Almighty	God is powerful and can do all things.
Christianity	El-Shaddai – God Almighty	God created heaven and earth by His power.
Islam	Azza wa Jalla – The Almighty and Glorious	Allah has power over all creation.

 Similarity: All three religions believe that God is all-powerful and nothing is impossible for Him

C. God is the Sustainer / Provider

This means God provides everything that living things need to survive.

Religion	Attribute	Meaning
African Traditional Religion (ATR)	Amosu (giver of rain) or Amowia (giver of sunlight) – Akan	God provides rain and sunlight for crops.
Christianity	Jehovah-Jireh – The Lord Our Provider	God provides for His people’s needs.
Islam	Al-Razzaq – The Provider	Allah gives food, water, and life to all.

 Similarity: All three religions believe that God cares for and provides for all living things.

7. IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE SIMILARITIES

1.    It helps us to respect people of other religions.

2.    It promotes peace and unity among believers.

3.    It helps us to understand that all humans worship the same Supreme Being.

4.    It reduces religious conflicts and promotes love and tolerance.

5.    It helps us appreciate our own faith and the faith of others.

9. MORAL LESSONS

1.    Respect all religions because they worship the same God.

2.    Live in peace and harmony with others.

3.    Avoid insulting or discriminating against people of different beliefs.

4.    Appreciate the greatness and goodness of God in all things.

5.    Practice tolerance, love, and understanding.

 

      Answer the questions below

1.     What are the attributes of God?

2.     Mention one way to show love in the family.

3.     What name do Muslims use for “The All-Powerful”?

4.     Give two examples of God’s attributes.

5.     Why is God described as Holy?

6.     Mention one attribute of God in Islam.

 

WORSHIP

Worship is the act of showing respect, love, and obedience to God or Allah.
It is also a way of submitting ourselves to the will of God.
Through worship, people express their faith, gratitude, and dependence on God.

Forms and Types of Worship

Christianity

Christians worship God through:

i.                (Individual) Private Worship: When an individual or a family prays, reads the Bible, and sings songs of praise at home.  Example: Morning devotion at home.

ii.              Congregational Worship: When Christians meet as a group in church to pray, sing, and listen to sermons.  Example: Sunday service or fellowship meeting.

Common Christian Worship Activities:

• Singing hymns and praises
• Reading the Bible
• Giving offerings and tithes
• Listening to sermons
• Taking part in the Holy Communion

 

2. Islam

Muslims worship Allah through:

• Private Worship: When an individual Muslim prays alone at home or at work.
  Example: Performing Salat alone.
• Congregational Worship: When Muslims gather together in the mosque to pray, especially on Fridays.
  Example: Jumu’ah (Friday prayer).

Common Islamic Worship Activities:

• Performing Salat (five daily prayers)
• Reciting verses from the Holy Qur’an
• Giving Zakat (charity)
• Fasting during Ramadan
• Going on Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

 

3. Indigenous African Religion (IAR)

In traditional religion, people worship God and the lesser gods through:

• Private Worship: When a person prays or makes small sacrifices at home or at a family shrine.
  Example: Pouring libation to the ancestors.
• Congregational Worship: When a group or community gathers at a shrine, river, or sacred grove to offer prayers and sacrifices.
  Example: Community festival worship.

Common Indigenous Worship Activities:

• Pouring libation
• Drumming and dancing
• Offering sacrifices
• Singing traditional songs of praise
• Festivals and storytelling

 

Similarities in the Three Religions

• All believe in a Supreme Being (God or Allah).
• All have private and public worship.
• All involve prayers, songs, and offerings.
• All worship to seek help, forgiveness, and blessings.

 

Differences in Worship

Religion	Place of Worship	Holy Book	Day of Worship
Christianity	Church	Bible	Sunday
Islam	Mosque	Qur’an	Friday
Indigenous African Religion	Shrine / Sacred Grove	Oral Tradition	Varies (Festivals / Ritual Days)

 

 Modes of Worship in the Three Major Religions

 

The modes of worship refer to the different ways and activities people use to show love, respect, and obedience to God or the Supreme Being during worship.
Each religion has its unique ways of worship, but they all aim to honour and praise God.

 

1. Modes of Worship in Christianity

• Meditation: Quiet reflection on God’s goodness.
• Bible Reading: Reading God’s word for guidance.
• Prayer: Talking and listening to God.
• Singing and Dancing: Expressing joy and gratitude to God.
• Offertory: Giving money or gifts to support the church’s work.
• Sermon: Listening to the preaching of God’s word.
• Holy Communion: Eating bread and drinking wine to remember Jesus’ death.
• Baptism: Being washed with water as a sign of becoming a Christian.

Places of Worship: Church or chapel
Leaders of Worship: Pastor, Reverend Minister, Priest

Example:
Sunday service at church with singing, preaching, prayers, and offertory.

 Modes of Worship in Islam

• Niyyat (Intention): Making up the mind to worship Allah sincerely.
• Ablution (Wudu): Washing parts of the body before prayer to purify oneself.
• Genuflection (Ruk’u) and Prostration (Sujood): Bowing and kneeling to show submission to Allah.
• Salat: Performing the five daily prayers.
• Recitation of the Qur’an: Reading verses from the Holy Qur’an.
• Sermon (Khutbah): Listening to teachings from the Imam, especially on Fridays.
• Glorification of Allah: Saying Allahu Akbar (God is Great).
• Sadaqah: Giving voluntary charity to help the poor.
• Offertory: Giving support for mosque upkeep and the needy.

Places of Worship: Mosque
Leader of Worship: Imam

Example:
Friday Jumu’ah prayer at the mosque led by the Imam with recitation, bowing, and sermon.

Modes of Worship in Indigenous African Religion (IAR)

• Offering of Libation: Pouring drink to honour God and the ancestors.
• Sacrifice: Offering food, animals, or other gifts to God or the spirits.
• Prayer: Speaking words of gratitude and request to the Supreme Being.
• Drumming, Singing, and Dancing: Expressing joy and praise during worship.
• Incantations: Speaking sacred words believed to have spiritual power.
• Spirit Possession: When a spirit enters a worshipper to deliver messages.
• Divination: Seeking knowledge or guidance through traditional means (e.g. cowries, stones).

Places of Worship: Shrine, family altar, sacred grove, river banks.
Leaders of Worship: Priest, Priestess, Clan Head, Elder.

 

Similarities Among the Three Religions

• All involve prayer and praise to God.
• All have leaders who guide the worship.
• All include songs, offerings, and thanksgiving.
• All aim to honour and seek blessings from God.

 

 

Moral Lessons from Worship

1. Discipline: Worship helps us to follow rules and respect time, especially during prayer or church/mosque service.

2. Togetherness and Unity: People from different families and backgrounds come together to worship one God. This brings love, peace, and friendship among people in society.

Example: Christians, Muslims, and traditional believers all gather in groups to worship.

3. Respect for God and Humanity: Worship reminds us that God is greater than all things, and we must respect Him. It also teaches us to respect elders, leaders, and one another.

4. Gratitude and Thankfulness: Through worship, we thank God for life, health, and blessings.

It reminds us to appreciate what we have and to be content.

5. Confidence and Hope: Worship gives us strength and courage to face challenges in life. It makes us believe that God will help us in difficult times.

Example: Reading holy scriptures or praying gives hope during sickness or trouble.

6. Obedience and Humility: Worship helps us to obey God’s commandments and live humbly.

It reminds us that we are servants of God, not proud or boastful.

Example: Muslims give Zakat and Sadaqah, Christians give offertory, and traditional believers share sacrifices with the community.

 

1.     What is worship?

2.     Mention one form of Christian private worship.

3.     What is the name for Friday Muslim worship?

4.     Give one example of Indigenous African worship activity.

5.     In Islam, what does “Niyyat” mean?

6.     Give one similarity in worship among the three religions.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PRAYER

 

Prayer is the act of communication between a worshipper and God (or the object of worship).
Through prayer, people talk to God, seek His help, thank Him, and express their faith and devotion.

 

Types of Prayer in the Three Major Religions

A.   Christianity

Christians pray to God through Jesus Christ.
They believe prayer is a way to communicate with God, express faith, and receive strength.        Common Types of Christian Prayer:

1.    Thanksgiving prayer: Giving thanks to God for His goodness and blessings.

Example: Thanking God for life, food, and protection.

2.    Intercession prayer: Praying for others — family, friends, or the nation.

Example: Praying for the sick or needy.

3.    Supplication (Petition) prayer: Asking God for personal needs.

Example: Asking for success in exams.

4.    Confession prayer: Admitting sins and asking for forgiveness.

Example: “Lord, forgive me for disobeying.”

5.    Praise and Worship: Honouring God for who He is.

Example: Singing and praising God in prayer.

Posture during Prayer: Kneeling, standing, or raising hands.
Place of Prayer: Church, home, or any quiet place.
Leader of Prayer: Pastor, Priest, or any believer.

 

B. Islam

In Islam, prayer (Salat) is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
It is a way for Muslims to show obedience, discipline, and closeness to Allah.
Muslims pray facing the Ka’bah in Mecca.                                                                                            Main Types of Islamic Prayer:

Obligatory (Fard) Prayers – Five Daily Prayers

Name of Prayer	Time of the Day
Subhi / Fajr	Early morning (before sunrise)
Zuhr	Afternoon
Asr	Late afternoon
Maghrib	Sunset
Isha’i	Night

 

 

Special or Occasional Prayers

 

Name	Meaning / Occasion
Ju’muah	Friday congregational prayer (replaces Zuhr)
Tarawih	Night prayer during Ramadan
Janazah	Funeral prayer before burial
Eid-ul-Fitr	Prayer at the end of Ramadan
Eid-ul-Adha	Commemoration of Prophet Ibrahim’s sacrifice
Tahajjud	Midnight voluntary prayer
Kusuf	Prayer during eclipse of the sun
Khusuf	Prayer during eclipse of the moon

Posture during Prayer: Standing, bowing, kneeling, and prostrating.
Leader of Prayer: Imam.
Place of Prayer: Mosque or clean place.
Preparation: Ablution (Wudu) before prayer.

 

 

Indigenous African Religion (IAR)                                                                                          In African traditional religion, prayer is a way of communicating with God and the spirits.
It is used to show gratitude, ask for blessings, and seek protection.

Common Types of Traditional Prayer:

1.    Thanksgiving: Thanking God and the ancestors for good health, harvest, and success.

2.    Supplication: Asking for help, rain, children, or peace.

3.    Intercession: Praying on behalf of the community or others.

4.    Confession: Asking for forgiveness after doing wrong.

How They Pray:

• Pouring libation (drinks) to honour God and the ancestors.
• Using words, songs, drumming, and dancing.
• Offered by the family head, priest, or elder.
  Place of Prayer: Family shrine, sacred grove, or home altar.

 

Significance (Importance) of Prayer

1. Builds Relationship with God: Prayer keeps us in constant contact with God. It strengthens faith.

2. Promotes Peace of Mind:  Prayer brings comfort, hope, and inner peace during troubles.

3. Shows Gratitude to God: We thank God for His blessings through prayer.

4. Encourages Discipline and Obedience: Praying regularly helps develop self-control and respect for time.

5. Promotes Unity and Love: People gather to pray together, building love and togetherness.

6. Helps Solve Problems : Through prayer, we seek God’s help in sickness, exams, and daily life.

 

COMPARING THE USE OF PRAYER IN THE THREE MAJOR RELIGIONS IN GHANA

 

Similarities in the Use of Prayer Across the Three Religions:

Aspect	Christianity	Islam	Indigenous African Religion (IAR)	Similarity
Purpose	To communicate with God	To communicate with Allah	To communicate with the Supreme Being through ancestors	All seek communication with the divine
Thanksgiving	Giving thanks to God for blessings	Giving thanks to Allah for favours	Giving thanks to the Supreme Being and ancestors	All express gratitude to God
Supplication	Asking for needs and protection	Asking for needs and mercy	Requesting blessings or rain	All involve asking for help or blessings
Confession	Confessing sins to seek forgiveness	Seeking forgiveness from Allah	Acknowledging wrongs through sacrifice	All seek forgiveness and purification
Intercession	Praying for others	Praying for others	Appealing for community welfare	All show concern for others
Regularity	Morning and evening prayers	Five daily obligatory prayers	Daily or occasional prayers	Prayer is a regular activity

 

Differences in the Use of Prayer Across the Three Religions:

Aspect	Christianity	Islam	Indigenous African Religion (IAR)
Medium of Prayer	Directly to God through Jesus Christ	Directly to Allah facing Mecca	Through ancestors or spirits to God
Language	Any language	Arabic	Local languages or chants
Posture and Rituals	Kneeling, standing, or lifting hands	Standing, bowing, kneeling (sujood)	Pouring libation, drumming, and dancing
Place of Prayer	Churches, homes, open spaces	Mosques, homes	Shrines, sacred groves, or homes
Confession and Forgiveness	Through prayer	Through prayer	Through sacrifice and rituals

 

1.  What is prayer?

2.  Why do all religions pray?

3. At what time is Maghrib prayer performed?

4. Give one example of traditional prayer.

5. Why is prayer important to believers?

6. What is Salat?

 

DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN RELIGIOUS SONGS AND NON-RELIGIOUS SONGS

Religious songs are songs that express the beliefs, worship, and dependence of people on God or the Supreme Being.
They are used during worship, prayer, thanksgiving, and other religious ceremonies.                    Examples:

• Christian hymns such as “Amazing Grace” and “How Great Thou Art”
• Islamic nasheeds such as “Tala‘al Badru ‘Alayna”
• Traditional African religious songs used during festivals, libation, and sacrifices.

Non-religious songs (also called secular songs) are songs that deal with social, political, economic, or entertainment matters rather than worship or faith.                                                                          Examples:

• Songs about love, peace, farming, unity, or patriotism.
• Political campaign songs.
• Traditional folk songs for storytelling or dance.

 

Differences Between Religious and Non-Religious Songs:

Aspect	Religious Songs	Non-Religious Songs
Purpose	To praise, thank, and worship God	To entertain, inform, or address social issues
Message	Express faith, hope, and moral lessons	Focus on love, work, politics, or everyday life
Place of Performance	Churches, mosques, shrines, and religious gatherings	Social events, parties, media, or entertainment centers
Emotional Effect	Inspire spirituality and devotion	Create fun, relaxation, and entertainment
Language Used	Sacred or respectful words about God	Ordinary language about human life
Examples	Hymns, gospel songs, choruses, nasheeds, dirges	Folk songs, patriotic songs, highlife, reggae, hiplife

 

Characteristics of Religious Songs:

1.    Express Religious Beliefs: They talk about God, His goodness, mercy, and power.

2.    Draw Worshippers to God: They help people feel closer to their Creator.

3.    Give Hope and Comfort: They encourage people during times of trouble.

4.    Teach Moral Values: They promote honesty, love, patience, and faith.

5.    Use Respectful Language: The words are clean, sacred, and meaningful.

6.    Performed in Worship: They are sung during prayers, festivals, or rituals.

 

Examples of Religious Songs in the Three Major Religions:

 

Religion	Examples of Religious Songs	Purpose/Use
Christianity	Hymns, Gospel songs, Psalms	Worship, thanksgiving, prayer
Islam	Nasheeds, Qur’anic recitations	Praise to Allah, teaching faith
Indigenous African Religion	Libation songs, drum chants	Honour ancestors, seek blessings

 

Examples of Non-Religious Songs:

 

Type	Examples	Purpose/Use
Social songs	Folk songs, lullabies	Entertainment, storytelling
Political songs	Campaign songs	Promote political ideas
Economic songs	Work songs, farming songs	Encourage hard work
Love songs	Romantic songs	Express feelings of affection

 

Significance of Religious Songs:

1.    They promote faith and unity among believers.

2.    They strengthen hope and courage in difficult times.

3.    They help people to meditate on God’s goodness.

4.    They create peace and joy during worship.

5.    They teach moral and spiritual lessons through melody.

 

BASIC SCRIPTURE RECITATIONS / ORAL TRADITIONS IN THE THREE MAJOR RELIGIONS

Scriptures and oral traditions are very important parts of every religion. They guide the moral and spiritual lives of believers.
In Ghana, the three major religions — Christianity, Islam, and Indigenous African Religion (IAR)  all have sacred words or teachings that express their faith.

• In Christianity, the Bible is the Holy Book that contains God’s Word.
• In Islam, the Qur’an is the Holy Book that contains Allah’s message to humankind.
• In Indigenous African Religion, wisdom and divine truths are passed down through oral traditions such as proverbs, myths, and folktales.

 

1.    What are religious songs?

2.    Mention one purpose of religious recitations.

3.    Give one moral value found in religious songs.

4.    What are moral values?

5.    Give one example of a moral value.

 

 

SCRIPTURE RECITATION AND ORAL TRADITION

 

Scripture Recitation is the act of reading or reciting verses or chapters from a Holy Book such as the Bible or Qur’an.

Oral Tradition is the passing on of beliefs, stories, and moral lessons by word of mouth from one generation to another.

 

Basic Scripture Recitations in Christianity                                                                                                  1. The Bible – God’s Holy Word
The Bible contains God’s commandments, teachings, promises, and guidance for believers.        Examples of Basic Texts:

Psalm 23 (RSV) – “The Lord is My Shepherd”

1.    The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want.

2.    He makes me lie down in green pastures.

3.    He leads me beside still waters.

4.    He restores my soul.

5.    He leads me in paths of righteousness for His name’s sake.

6.    Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no evil; for You are with me; Your rod and Your staff, they comfort me.

7.    You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies; You anoint my head with oil; my cup overflows.

8.    Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life, and I shall dwell in the house of the Lord forever.

Moral Lessons from Psalm 23:

• God provides and protects His people.
• Believers should trust God in all situations.
• God’s love and mercy never fail.                                                                                                                                                          Exodus 20:1–17 – The Ten Commandments

These are laws given by God to guide human behavior.

Examples:

1.    You shall have no other gods before Me.

2.    Honour your father and mother.

3.    You shall not kill.

4.    You shall not steal.

5.    You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour.

Moral Lessons:

• Obedience to God brings peace.
• Good moral behavior strengthens society.
• We must love and respect others.

 

Basic Scripture Recitations in Islam                                                                                                                  1. The Qur’an – The Word of Allah
Muslims believe the Qur’an is the final revelation from Allah to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). It is recited in Arabic during prayers and learning.

Surah Al-Fatihah (Qur’an Chapter 1)

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds,
The Most Gracious, the Most Merciful,
Master of the Day of Judgment.
You alone we worship, and You alone we ask for help.
Guide us on the straight path,
The path of those who have received Your grace; not the path of those who have gone astray.

Moral Lessons:

• Muslims must depend on Allah for guidance.
• Allah is merciful and kind to all people.
• Prayer brings believers closer to God.

 

Surah Al-Ikhlas (Qur’an Chapter 112)

Say: He is Allah, the One and Only;
Allah, the Eternal, Absolute;
He begets not, nor is He begotten;
And there is none like unto Him.

Moral Lessons:

• God (Allah) is One and unique.
• True worship belongs only to Allah.
• Believers must avoid idolatry and remain faithful.

 

Answer the questions below   

1.     What is oral tradition?

2.      Name the Holy Book of Christians.

3.     What is the Holy Book of Muslims?

4.     Mention one example of oral tradition in ATR.

ORAL TRADITIONS IN INDIGENOUS AFRICAN RELIGION (IAR)

      

 Oral traditions are spoken words that carry the wisdom, faith, and experience of ancestors. They teach moral lessons and explain the relationship between humans, nature, and the Supreme Being.

Moral Lessons from Oral Traditions:

• Encourage unity and hard work.
• Promote respect for elders and community life.
• Teach about the greatness of God.
• Show the importance of honesty and wisdom.

 

Proverb / Saying	Literal Meaning	Moral Lesson
Okwan twa asuo; asuo twa okwan (Akan)	The path crosses the river; the river crosses the path.	People depend on one another; life is about cooperation.
Naazorabataa bin (Dagaare)	A rolling stone gathers no moss.	Laziness leads to unproductivity; consistency brings success.
Obi nkyere abofra Nyame (Akan)	No one shows a child God.	Everyone naturally knows that God exists.
Nyame ne Nyankopɔn yɛ ɔkɛseɛ	God is great and powerful.	God deserves worship and respect.

 

 

 MORAL VALUES IN RELIGIOUS SONGS AND RECITATIONS

Moral values are the good qualities or virtues that guide people to live responsibly and righteously in society.

Examples: love, honesty, humility, patience, forgiveness, contentment, and respect.

Religious Songs and Recitations:

• Religious songs are music that express people’s faith, praise, and dependence on God or a  Supreme Being.
• Religious recitations refer to the spoken or chanted words from holy scriptures or oral traditions used in worship or teaching.

Together, they help believers to remember God’s power, mercy, and guidance in their lives.

Moral Values Found in Religious Songs and Recitations

 

1.Motivation: Religious songs and recitations give believers hope and encouragement in times of difficulty. Example: A Christian hymn like “It is Well with My Soul” motivates believers to remain calm and faithful in hard times.

2. Humility: Religious songs remind believers that God is greater than all things and that humans must be humble before Him. Example: Muslim recitations such as Al-Ikhlas show that Allah is One and all-powerful, teaching believers to submit to His will.

3. Contentment: Religious songs and recitations teach people to be satisfied with what they have.

Example: African traditional chants often thank the Creator for rain, food, and life — teaching gratitude and satisfaction.

4. Acknowledgement of the Power of God: Almost all religious songs recognize that God is the source of life, power, and protection. Example: In Christianity: “How Great Thou Art” praises God’s greatness. In Islam: “Allahu Akbar” means “God is the Greatest.”  In Indigenous religion: Mawu Kitikata (Ewe) means “God is the giver of life.”

5. Love and Forgiveness: Songs and recitations encourage love, kindness, and forgiveness toward others. They remind us that God loves all people and expects us to do the same.

Example:

1 .“Love Your Neighbour as Yourself” (Bible)

2.“Allah is Most Merciful” (Qur’an)

3.“No one eats alone in the village” (African proverb)

FAMILY, COMMUNITY AND THE NATION

A family is a social unit whose members are related by blood, marriage, or covenant.                        People in a family love, care for, and support one another.  Families provide shelter, food, protection, and guidance to their members. In Ghana, families are guided by religious, cultural, and moral values.                                                                                                                                                       Examples:

• A man, his wife, and their children (nuclear family).
• A man, his wife, children, and other relatives like grandparents and uncles (extended family).

 

Types Of Family Systems In Ghana

 

1. The Nuclear Family System

A nuclear family is made up of parents and their children living together in one home.
It may also consist of a single parent and the children. E.g.  A man, his wife, and two children. A mother and her children living alone.

Advantages of Nuclear Family

1.    Easier to take care of family members.

2.    Effective supervision of children.

3.    Quick decision-making.

4.    Better privacy and peace in the home.

 

Disadvantages of Nuclear Family

1.    Lack of support in the absence of parents.

2.    Family suffers if the breadwinner dies.

3.    Limited social and financial help.

4.    Children may feel lonely without extended relatives.

 

2. The Extended Family System

An extended family includes the nuclear family and other relatives such as grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, nephews, and nieces. E.g. A father, mother, children, grandmother, and cousins living together. A family where both maternal and paternal relatives support one another.

Advantages of Extended Family System

1.    Provides economic and moral support to members.

2.    Ensures security and protection for all.

3.    Teaches children respect for elders and unity.

4.    Encourages sharing and cooperation.

 

Disadvantages of Extended Family

1.    Encourages dependence and laziness among some members.

2.    Lack of privacy in the home.

3.    Disagreements and jealousy may arise.

4.    Hard to make quick family decisions.

 

 

FAMILY, COMMUNITY AND THE NATION

A role is the duty or responsibility that a person performs in a group or society.
In the family, each member has a special role that helps the family to function well.

Example:

• The father provides for the family.
• The mother takes care of the home.
• The children help by doing chores and showing respect.

 

TYPES OF FAMILY MEMBERS AND THEIR ROLES

 

1. Roles of Children

• Respect and obey their parents and elders.
• Help with house chores such as sweeping, cooking, and washing dishes.
• Study hard at school to become responsible adults.
• Care for younger siblings.
• Show love, honesty, and humility in all their actions.

Bible Reference: Ephesians 6:1 – “Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right.”

2. Roles of Parents

• Providing the basic needs of the family — food, clothing, shelter, education, and security.
• Training children to become disciplined and God-fearing.
• Loving and protecting every member of the family.
• Setting good examples for the children to follow.
• Teaching family values, customs, and religion.

 

3. Roles of Grandparents

• Guide and advise both parents and children.
• Tell stories, proverbs, and traditions that teach moral lessons.
• Help in child upbringing, especially when parents are busy.
• Promote peace and unity in the family.

 

Importance Of Each Family Member’s Role

• The family lives in peace and harmony.
• Children grow up to be responsible citizens.
• There is love and respect among members.
• The family becomes a strong unit in society.

 

Moral Lessons

• Everyone in the family has an important role to play.
• Obedience and respect bring peace at home.
• Families grow strong when members help, love, and support one another.
• A peaceful family helps to build a peaceful nation.

 

PROMOTING GOOD RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FAMILY MEMBERS

 

Factors That Promote Good Relationships In The Family

1.Patience: Being calm and understanding when others make mistakes. E.g., not shouting at a sibling when they break something.

2. Respect: Showing regard for parents, elders, and siblings. E.g., greeting politely, speaking kindly,

3. Obedience: Doing what is right and following instructions from parents and elders.

4. Tolerance: Accepting people’s differences in opinions, behavior, or beliefs.

5. Transparency: Being open and honest about family issues such as money, decisions, or plans.

6. Accountability: Taking responsibility for one’s actions and not blaming others wrongly.

7. Forgiveness: Letting go of anger when someone offends you.

8. Support:  Helping family members emotionally, financially, and socially in times of need.

 

The Need For Healthy Relationships In The Family

 

1.Peaceful Co-existence: Family members live without quarrels or hatred.

2. Unity of Purpose: All members work together to achieve common family goals.

3. Happiness and Love: Everyone feels loved and accepted in the home.

4. Progress and Development: The family grows financially, socially, and spiritually.

5. Security and Support: Family members protect one another in times of need.

 

Importance Of Family Systems In Ghana

1.Peaceful Conflict Resolution:         Family elders help to settle disputes and prevent hatred.

2. Moral and Social Training: Children are trained to behave well and respect others.

3. Economic Support: Relatives help each other financially during hard times.

4. Unity and Identity: Families share common values, customs, and traditions.

5. Care for the Vulnerable: The extended family supports orphans, widows, and the aged.

 

Behaviours That Show Good Family Relationships

1.Sharing food, money, and ideas

2. Greeting and speaking politely        

3. Helping with chores

4. Saying “thank you” and “sorry”     

5. Celebrating together

6. Visiting and caring for sick relatives         

 

 

 RELIGIOUS PERSONALITIES AND LEADERS

 

Early Life of Religious Leaders

 

(a) Jesus Christ (Christianity)

• Birth: Born in Bethlehem to Mary and Joseph. His birth was announced by angels and visited by shepherds and wise men.
• Early Life: Grew up in Nazareth. He was obedient to his parents and loved learning about God.

 

(b) Prophet Muhammad (SAW) – Islam

• Birth: Born in Makkah in 570 AD into the Quraysh tribe. His father died before his birth, and his mother died when he was six years old.
• Early Life: Lived with his grandfather and later his uncle, Abu Talib. Known for honesty and truthfulness; nicknamed Al-Amin (the trustworthy).

 

Note: Muslims show respect by saying Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam (SAW) meaning Peace Be Upon Him (PBUH) whenever the Prophet’s name is mentioned.

 

(c) Indigenous Religious Leaders (African Traditional Religion)

Examples: Okomfo Anokye, Egya Ahor, Togbe Tsali, Toha Zie, Osofo Okomfo Damoah, etc.

• Birth and Early Life: Born into families known for their spirituality and service to the community. Often showed signs of spiritual gifts from childhood, such as wisdom or healing power.

 

THE CALL OF RELIGIOUS LEADERS

 

(a) Jesus Christ

• His Baptism: Baptized by John the Baptist in the River Jordan. The Holy Spirit descended on Him like a dove.
• Temptation: Tested by Satan but remained obedient to God.

 

(b) Prophet Muhammad (SAW)

• Marriage to Khadijah: Known for his faithfulness and honesty.
• Call to Prophethood: At age 40, while meditating in the cave of Hira, the Angel Jibril (Gabriel) appeared and revealed to him the first verses of the Qur’an (Surah Al-‘Alaq).
• Migration (Hijra): Moved from Makkah to Madinah to establish peace and spread Islam.
• Farewell Sermon: Taught about equality, forgiveness, and good conduct.

 

(c) Indigenous Religious Leaders

• Call of Okomfo Anokye: Called through dreams and spiritual signs. Worked with King Osei Tutu to unite the Ashanti Kingdom.
• Call of Togbe Tsali / Toha Zie: Received divine instruction through visions to serve as healers and spiritual protectors of their communities.

 

 Religious Personalities and Leaders

 

A. The Ministry of Jesus Christ (Christianity)

1.    Call of the Disciples:
Jesus chose twelve men to follow and learn from Him so that they could continue His work after His death (Matthew 4:18–22).

·        Moral Lesson: Be obedient and ready to serve when called.

2.    Sermon on the Mount:
Jesus taught about love, humility, forgiveness, and righteousness (Matthew 5–7).

·        Moral Lesson: Christians must show love and humility in their daily lives.

3.    Teaching and Parables:
Jesus used stories (parables) such as The Good Samaritan and The Prodigal Son to teach moral and spiritual lessons.

·        Moral Lesson: We should be kind, forgiving, and compassionate.

4.    Miracles:
Jesus performed miracles like healing the sick, raising the dead, feeding five thousand people, and calming storms.

·        Moral Lesson: God has power over all things, and faith brings miracles.

 

B. The Ministry of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) – Islam

1.    Teaching and Preaching of Islam:
Muhammad (SAW) taught about belief in one God (Allah), prayer, fasting, honesty, and charity.

·        Moral Lesson: Muslims should obey the commands of Allah and live righteously.

2.    The Triumphant Entry into Makkah:
After years of persecution, the Prophet entered Makkah peacefully and forgave his enemies instead of taking revenge.

·        Moral Lesson: True leadership is shown through forgiveness and mercy.

3.    Forgiveness of the Unbelievers:
Muhammad (SAW) pardoned those who had wronged him, setting an example of compassion and humility.

·        Moral Lesson: Forgiveness brings peace and unity.

4.    The Farewell Sermon:
In his last sermon, the Prophet taught about equality, justice, kindness to women, and obedience to Allah.

·        Moral Lesson: We are all equal before God and must live in peace and fairness.

Note: Muslims show respect by saying Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam (SAW) meaning Peace Be Upon Him (PBUH) whenever his name is mentioned.

 

C. The Ministry of Indigenous African Religious Leaders

Examples:

Okomfo Anokye, Egya Ahor, Togbe Tsali, Toha Zie, Osofo Okomfo Damoah, etc.

1.    Teaching:
They taught about moral living, respect for elders, honesty, and community unity.

·        Moral Lesson: Uphold good character and maintain peace in society.

2.    Sacrifices and Worship:
They offered sacrifices to the gods or ancestors on behalf of the people for blessings, healing, and protection.

·        Moral Lesson: Sacrifice and prayer show gratitude and dependence on God.

3.    Miracles and Healing:
Many were gifted with spiritual powers to heal the sick and solve community problems.

·        Moral Lesson: Use your talents to help others and promote good.

4.    Leadership:
They acted as mediators between God, ancestors, and the people, ensuring justice and order in society.

 

 Moral Lessons from the Ministries

1.    Forgiveness leads to peace.

2.    Service to others brings unity and love.

3.    Faith in God gives strength to overcome challenges.

4.    True leaders are humble and compassionate.

5.    Teaching others about good morals builds a better society.

 

 

Moral Lessons from the Life of Jesus Christ (Christianity)

 

Virtue	Example from His Life	Moral Lesson for Learners
Humility	Jesus washed the feet of His disciples (John 13:4–15).	Humility makes us respectful and caring toward others.
Forgiveness	He forgave those who crucified Him (Luke 23:34).	We should forgive others even when they hurt us.
Obedience	Jesus obeyed God’s will, even to death on the cross (Philippians 2:8).	Obedience to God and elders brings blessings.
Love and Sacrifice	He gave His life to save humankind (John 3:16).	We must show love and be willing to help others.

 

Moral Application:
Learners should be humble, forgiving, and obedient both at home and in school.

 

Moral Lessons from the Life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) – Islam

 

Virtue	Example from His Life	Moral Lesson for Learners
Patience and Perseverance	He remained calm and steadfast even when mocked or persecuted.	We should be patient in times of difficulty.
Forgiveness	He forgave his enemies after the conquest of Makkah.	Forgiveness brings peace and unity.
Obedience to Allah	He always obeyed God’s commands and encouraged others to do same.	We must obey religious and moral instructions.
Honesty (Al-Amin)	He was known as “The Trustworthy One” even before becoming a prophet.	Always speak the truth and be honest in all dealings.

 

 

Moral Lessons from Indigenous African Religious Leaders

 

Virtue	Example from Their Lives	Moral Lesson for Learners
Bravery and Patriotism	Okomfo Anokye worked with King Osei Tutu to unite the Asante Kingdom.	Learners should love and serve their community and nation.
Wisdom	Togbe Tsali and Toha Zie gave wise counsel to their people.	Learners should seek wisdom to make right decisions.
Sacrifice and Service	Egya Ahor sacrificed his comfort to bring peace to his community.	True leadership means serving others selflessly.
Respect for Authority and Ancestors	Indigenous leaders obeyed divine and ancestral instructions.	Respect for elders and authority maintains order in society.

Moral Application:
Learners should show respect, patriotism, and a willingness to serve their families and communities.

 

Common Moral Virtues from All the Religious Leaders

 

1.Humility: Being modest and respectful in words and actions.

2. Forgiveness: Letting go of anger and hatred.

3. Obedience: Doing what is right and following good instructions.

4. Patriotism : Loving and supporting one’s country.

5. Perseverance: Continuing to do good even when facing challenges.

6. Sacrifice: Giving up something valuable for the good of others.

 

GOOD MANNERS AND DECENCY IN SOCIETY

 

Manners are the good behaviours and actions that are desirable and accepted in society.

They show respect, discipline, and good upbringing.

A well-mannered person behaves politely and respects others.

Examples of Good Manners:

• Greeting people politely.
• Saying “please”, “sorry”, and “thank you”.
• Speaking respectfully to elders.
• Sitting and dressing properly.
• Waiting for your turn.
• Using kind and gentle words.

 

Decency

Decency refers to behavior that aligns with moral and social standards of what is proper, modest, and respectful. It involves acting with integrity, self-control, and a sense of what is right or accepted in the society.

Examples of Decency:

• Dressing modestly.
• Speaking truthfully.
• Showing respect and obedience.
• Avoiding insults, gossip, and fighting.
• Keeping the body and surroundings clean.
• Showing tolerance and humility.

 

Importance of Good Manners and Decency

1.    They promote peace and unity in society.

2.    They earn us respect and trust from others.

3.    They make living together easy and enjoyable.

4.    They reflect one’s good moral and home training.

5.    They help maintain discipline in school and community.

 

 Effects of Bad Manners

• Disrespect and disobedience to elders.
• Quarrels, fights, and misunderstandings.
• Loss of friends and reputation.
• Punishment at home or school.
• Breakdown of peace in society.

 

 

How to Show Good Manners in Daily Life

At home: Greet parents, obey rules, help with chores

At school: Respect teachers, be punctual, avoid noise

In public: Speak politely, queue properly, avoid littering

 

Greetings

Greeting is the expression of friendly or welcoming words to people when they meet.

Greeting shows that one is polite, well-trained, and respectful.                                                                                          It strengthens relationships and creates a peaceful atmosphere.

Factors to Consider When Greeting:

• Time of day: Morning, afternoon, or evening greetings.
• Sex: Males and females may greet differently in some cultures.
• Status: The young greet elders first.
• Age: Younger people usually greet older ones first.

Importance of Greeting:

1.    It is a sign of respect and good upbringing.

2.    It creates friendship and cordial relationships.

3.    It removes fear, tension, and suspicion between people.

4.    It promotes peace and unity in society.

 

Decent Dressing

Decent dressing refers to wearing clothes that cover the body properly and are acceptable in your culture and community. It shows discipline, respect for oneself, and respect for others.

Factors to Consider When Dressing:                                                                                                         

1. Occasion: Dress appropriately for the event (school, church, mosque, funeral, wedding, etc.).      2. Culture: Dress according to the customs and traditions of your society.                                                 3. Weather: Wear clothes suitable for hot or cold weather.                                                                     4. Age and status: Young people, adults, and elders have different styles that show respect and maturity.

Importance of Decent Dressing:

1.    To cover nakedness and protect one’s dignity.

2.    To win respect and honour from others.

3.    To show good moral upbringing and discipline.

4.    To represent one’s family, school, and community well.

5.    To avoid temptation, embarrassment, and shame.

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF CHASTITY

Chastity is a way of keeping oneself pure by abstaining from sexual activities before marriage.
It is a moral and religious virtue that teaches self-control, discipline, and respect for one’s body and for others.

A chaste person avoids anything that can lead to immoral acts or destroy his or her dignity.

In simple terms: Chastity is saying “No” to pre-marital sex and immoral thoughts or behaviours.

 

Ways of Leading a Chaste Life

1.    Avoid bad company – stay away from friends who encourage immoral behaviour.

2.    Read the Holy Scriptures regularly and obey what they teach about purity and discipline.

3.    Avoid watching or listening to pornographic materials – they destroy good morals.

4.    Dress decently – wear clothes that cover your body properly.

5.    Respect your body – remember your body is a temple of God.

 

 Importance of Living a Chaste Life

1.      It is a command from God.

2. It shows obedience to God’s will.
3. It helps one to remain spiritually clean and close to God.

4.      It brings self-respect and honour.

5. Helps one gain respect from family, friends, and society.
6. Prevents unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

• Muslims are encouraged to dress modestly and avoid situations that lead to sin.

 

Teachings of the Three Main Religions on Manners, Decency and Chastity

Religion	Manners	Decency	Chastity
Indigenous African Religion	Respect, obedience, truthfulness	Modest dressing and behaviour	Forbids pre-marital and extra-marital sex
Christianity	Love, humility, forgiveness	Modesty in dress and behaviour	Adultery and immorality are sins
Islam	Respect, humility, kindness	Modest dressing and humility	Forbids zina (fornication and adultery)

 

 Moral Quote

“Good manners open doors that education alone cannot.”

“Purity and modesty are the jewels of a noble heart.”

SUBSTANCE ABUSE

Substance abuse refers to taking drugs or other substances in a harmful or wrong way.
It includes:

• Using medicine without a doctor’s prescription.
• Taking too much of a drug, even if it is a normal medicine.
• Using illegal or banned drugs for pleasure.

 Example:
Taking ten paracetamol tablets at once or using tramadol to stay awake are both forms of substance abuse.

Types of Substances Often Abused

 

1.    Common Drugs: These are medicines used for health reasons but are often misused.
Examples are Paracetamol, Vitamin B complex, Cough syrups

 

2.    Hard Drugs: These are illegal substances that affect the brain and behavior.
Examples: Marijuana (wee), Cocaine, Heroin

 

3.    Stimulants: These are substances that make a person active or high for a short time.
Examples: Alcohol, Tramadol, Cigarettes, Energy drinks (when taken excessively)

 

 

 

Causes of Substance Abuse

 

 1. Ignorance: Many people abuse drugs because they do not know their harmful effects on the body and mind.

2. Peer Group Influence: Young people sometimes copy their friends who take drugs to look brave or to belong to a group.

3.Curiosity and Adventure: Some people take drugs just to try them or to feel what others describe as “enjoyable.”

4. Family Problems: When there is lack of care, love, or guidance at home, some children turn to drugs for comfort.

5. Media Influence: Movies, music videos, and social media sometimes promote drug use, making it look attractive or cool.

6. Poverty and Stress: People may take drugs to forget their worries or to escape life’s difficulties.

 

 Effects of Substance Abuse

 

1. Abnormal Behaviour:                                                                                                                             The person may act violently, quarrel with others, or destroy property.

May lose self-control and behave foolishly in public. Can become lazy, forgetful, or irresponsible in school and at home. Example: A student who takes tramadol may start sleeping in class, fighting friends, or talking nonsense.

 

2. Ill-Health

It causes damage to vital organs such as the brain, liver, lungs, and heart. Leads to mental problems like madness, anxiety, or depression. Example: Continuous smoking damages the lungs and may lead to lung cancer.

 

3. Economic Problems

The person spends too much money buying drugs. Loses interest in education or work, which leads to poverty. Families may sell property to care for the addicted person.  Example: A man who spends all his salary on alcohol leaves his family hungry and poor.

 

4. Burden and Ridicule to the Family

Drug users bring shame to their families and communities. Parents suffer emotional pain and spend money on hospital or police cases. Example, Neighbours may gossip about a boy who abuses drugs, calling him a failure.

 

 

Social and Spiritual Effects of Substances Abuse

 

1.Loss of respect and dignity in society.

2.Broken friendships and loss of trust.

3.Disobedience to parents and religious leaders.

4.Sin before God, since all religions teach self-control and respect for life.

 Example:

• Christianity: 1 Corinthians 6:19 reminds us that the body is the temple of God.
• Islam: The Qur’an forbids harmful substances that destroy the body.
• African Traditional Religion: Teaches purity, discipline, and self-respect.

 

 

TEACHINGS FROM THE THREE RELIGIONS ON DEFENSIVE SKILLS IN PROTECTING YOURSELF AGAINST SUBSTANCE ABUSE

 

1.    Christianity

      Bible References:

1.      Proverbs 20:1:
“Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging; and whoever is deceived by it is not wise.”
 This teaches that alcohol and harmful drugs make people behave foolishly.
 Christians are encouraged to stay away from things that control their mind and destroy their life.

2. 1 Corinthians 6:19–20:
   “Your body is the temple of the Holy Spirit... therefore glorify God in your body.”
    The body belongs to God; using harmful substances dishonours Him.
    Christians must live clean, holy, and disciplined lives.

 

2. Islam

Qur’an References:

1.      Surah Al-Baqarah 2:219:
“They ask you about wine and gambling. Say: In them is great sin and some benefit for men; but the sin is greater than the benefit.”
 Alcohol and intoxicants are harmful and sinful.
Muslims are advised to avoid them completely.

2. Surah Al-Ma’idah 5:90–91:
   “O you who believe! Intoxicants and gambling are abominations of Satan’s handiwork; avoid them so that you may prosper.”
    Intoxicants (like alcohol and hard drugs) lead people away from Allah.
    Avoiding them brings peace and success in this life and the next.

 

2. Indigenous African Religion (IAR)

Oral Teaching:

“A man is called a drunkard when he misbehaves, not when he drinks.”

This means the community frowns on people who drink or take drugs and lose control of their behaviour.
In African tradition, self-control and respect are signs of good upbringing and moral discipline.

Moral Lessons from the Three Religions

1.      All religions discourage substance abuse.

2. Our bodies are sacred and should not be destroyed by harmful drugs.
3. Good moral conduct shows respect for God, society, and oneself.
4. Always say NO to drugs or alcohol when offered.
5. Seek advice from elders, teachers, religious leaders, or counsellors when faced with temptation.

“Discipline is the best protection against destruction.”

 

 Defensive Skills Against Substance Abuse

1.    Say No Politely: “No, thank you. I don’t take that.”

2.    Avoid Bad Company: Choose friends who live decently and obey rules.

3.    Seek Guidance: Talk to counsellors, elders, or religious leaders when tempted.

4.    Be Informed: Learn about the dangers of drug abuse through reading and discussions.

5.    Keep Busy: Engage in sports, studies, and positive hobbies.

 

WORK AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Work is part of God’s plan for humankind.
In the beginning, God commanded humans to “work and take care of the earth.”
Every religion encourages people to engage in meaningful work to serve others, earn a living, and promote the progress of society.

“Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with all your might.” – Ecclesiastes 9:10

Work is Any useful activity done to achieve a purpose or produce something. It may be physical or mental. Work includes teaching, farming, sewing, cooking, studying, etc.

Entrepreneurship is the process of setting up a new business and managing it to make profit. Entrepreneurs are people who use creativity and risk-taking to meet needs in society. Example; Starting a bakery, a tailoring shop, or a phone repair business.

Social Security: is a government-backed social protection programme that provides financial support to individuals when they are old, sick, injured, or retired. Examples are Pension benefits, SSNIT contributions, disability support etc.

Types of Work

 

1.Domestic Work                                                                                                                                           These are activities done at home to maintain cleanliness and order.
Examples: washing, sweeping, cooking, gardening, caring for siblings, fetching water, and arranging rooms.

 

2. Community Work                                                                                                                                     This involves activities done to improve and beautify the community. Examples: clean-up exercises, weeding around the town, building schools and clinics, repairing roads, and planting trees.

3. School Work                                                                                                                                         Includes all academic and non-academic duties performed in school. Examples: studying, sweeping classrooms, participating in sports, helping teachers, or serving as prefects.

 

4. Occupational (Work for Livelihood)                                                                                                          These are jobs people do to earn income and support their families. Examples: teaching, nursing, carpentry, tailoring, fishing, trading, policing, and farming.

 

5. Religious Work                                                                                                                                      These are duties performed to serve God and support religious communities. Examples: work of priests, pastors, imams, church administrators, evangelists, drummers, and choir members.                                                                                                                                                  Moral Lesson: Promotes service to God, dedication, humility, and moral discipline.

 

The Role of Social Security

• Have financial support after retirement.
• Are protected during sickness or disability.
• Live with dignity even when old or unemployed.

 

Good Work Habits                                                                                                                                            1. Punctuality- Report to work or school on time.                                                                                 2.Dedication -Do your work with full commitment and focus                                                                                3. Planning Ahead - Organize your tasks before starting.                                                                                     4. Hard Work - Avoid laziness; always give your best effort.                                                                5. Honesty - Be truthful and fair in all your work.

 

Importance of Work                                                                                                                                     1. To meet our basic needs - Work provides money to buy food, clothes, shelter, and other needs.    2. Promotes good health - Active work keeps the body and mind healthy.                                           3.Develops talents and skills - Working helps people discover and improve their God-given abilities. 4.Brings respect and dignity-Hardworking people are respected in their families and communities.  5. Supports national development - When everyone works, the country grows and becomes prosperous.

Entrepreneurship is the process of starting, organizing, and managing a business or enterprise, often by taking risks to generate profit and solve societal problems.
A person who engages in entrepreneurship is called an entrepreneur.

Need to Become an Entrepreneur

 

1. Freedom to Pursue One’s Vision

Entrepreneurs have the freedom to turn their dreams and ideas into reality.

They make independent decisions about how to run their businesses.

2. Flexibility of Time

Entrepreneurs can plan their own work schedule.

This allows them to balance work, family, and personal life effectively.

They are not limited by strict working hours like salaried workers.

3. Employment Creation

Entrepreneurs create job opportunities for others in society.

They reduce unemployment and help others earn a living.

Example: A person who starts a bakery may employ salespeople, drivers, and cleaners.

4. Nation-Building

Entrepreneurs contribute to national development by paying taxes and producing goods and services. Their work helps improve the standard of living and promotes economic growth.

As people become self-employed, dependency on the government decreases.

5. Sense of Pride and Achievement

Entrepreneurs feel fulfilled and proud when their business vision becomes successful.

They gain respect in society and serve as role models for others.